Definition and Examples of Headwords in English

In English  grammar, a head is the key word that determines the nature of a phrase (in contrast to any modifiers or determiners). For example, in a noun phrase, the head is a noun or pronoun (a tiny sandwich). In an adjective phrase, the head is an adjective (completely inadequate). In an adverb phrase, the head is an adverb (quite clearly). A head is sometimes called a  headword, though this term shouldnt be confused with the more common use of headword to mean  a word placed at the beginning of an entry in a glossary, dictionary, or other reference work. Also Known As head word (HW), governor Examples and Observations Louis, I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship.(Humphrey Bogart as Rick in Casablanca, 1942)As the leader of all illegal activities in Casablanca, I am an influential and respected man.(Sydney Greenstreet as Senor Ferrari in Casablanca, 1942)The head of the noun phrase a big man is man, and it is the singular form of this item which relates to the co-occurrence of singular verb forms, such as is, walks, etc.; the head of the verb phrase has put is put, and it is this verb which accounts for the use of object and adverbial later in the sentence (e.g. put it there). In phrases such as men and women, either item could be the head.(David Crystal, A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003) Testing for Heads Noun phrases must contain a head. Most frequently this will be a noun or pronoun, but occasionally it can be an adjective or determiner. The heads of noun phrases can be identified by three tests: 1. They cannot be deleted. 2. They can usually be replaced by a pronoun. 3. They can usually be made plural or singular (this may not be possible with proper names). Only test 1 holds good for all heads: the results for 2 and 3 depend on the type of head. (Jonathan Hope, Shakespeares Grammar. Bloomsbury, 2003) Determiners as Heads Determiners may be used as heads, as in the following examples: Some arrived this morning. I have never seen many. He gave us two Like third person pronouns these force us to refer back in the context to see what is being referred to. Some arrived this morning makes us ask Some what?, just as He arrived this morning makes us ask Who did? But there is a difference. He stands in place of a whole noun phrase (e.g. the minister) while some is part of a noun phrase doing duty for the whole (e.g. some applications). . . . Most determiners occurring as heads are back-referring [that is, anaphoric]. The examples given above amply illustrate this point. However, they are not all so. This is especially the case with this, that, these, and those. For instance, the sentence Have you seen these before? could be spoken while the speaker is pointing to some newly built houses. He is then not referring back to something mentioned, but referring out to something outside the text [that is, exophora]. (David J. Young, Introducing English Grammar. Taylor Francis, 2003)   Narrower and Wider Definitions There are two main definitions [of head], one narrower and due largely to Bloomfield, the other wider and now more usual, following work by R.S. Jackendoff in the 1970s. 1. In the narrower definition, a phrase p has a head h if h alone can bear any syntactic function that p can bear. E.g. very cold can be replaced by cold in any construction: very cold water or cold water, I feel very cold or I feel cold. Therefore the adjective is its head and, by that token, the whole is an adjective phrase. 2. In the wider definition, a phrase p has a head h if the presence of h determines the range of syntactic functions that p can bear. E.g. the constructions into which on the table can enter are determined by the presence of a preposition, on. Therefore the preposition is its head and, by that token, it is a prepositional phrase.

Socrates And Confucius. Numerous Thoughts And Behaviors

Socrates and Confucius Numerous thoughts and behaviors of people are influenced noticeably or invisibly by our society and culture. Compare Westerners with Easterners, plenty of ideas they share are in common. Whereas, the special identities which come from their own culture changed them differently. Along with the development of human culture, great ancient thinkers and philosophers contributed their life to influence people’s beliefs, thoughts, and behaviors from generation to generation. Socrates from a Western country and Confucius from an Eastern country were considered the famous philosophers in their times. They both educated people with their thoughts, got involved in politics, and pursued virtue in their life,†¦show more content†¦While in Eastern countries, professors plan to serve knowledge to students directly, and students don’t need to talk very much in classes. Students are being tested frequently each week for each subject. That’s one of the reasons that cause Eastern students don’t know how to talk effectively in class but do well on exams. Although Socrates and Confucius got involved in politics, their attitudes towards politics were not alike. Socrates tried not to be involved in politics because he already knew that if he acted to prevent something wrong happening in politics, he would be in danger. But unluckily, his idea of impious against politics in Greek, and finally he was sentenced to death for insisting his faith (â€Å"Socrates 469 BC...†, n.d.). Differently, Confucius worked hard to get into politics during his entire life. He already had a picture to be a politician and how to talk and act carefully. Unfortunately, his vision of ethics was opposite to the legalistic minds (â€Å"Center for Global†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , 2017). Even though he got a government job, he was still rejected by surrounding politicians which forced Confucius giving up his job in government and contribute his life into t eaching other people (â€Å"United Religions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , 2002). These two situations about Socrates and Confucius showed the alterations of politics between Western and Eastern countries. In Western countries, people’s minds are veryShow MoreRelated Plagiarism Essay2916 Words   |  12 Pagesdialogue, and reading (for those who pay attention) becomes an integral part of our thought--we assimilate the ideas of others. Thus, what we may think and say is not necessarily of our own origin, but rather it is a conglomeration of the ideas of others in conjunction with our own native thoughts and understanding--such is human nature. However, there is a fundamental difference between this assimilation of idea and thought through socialization/education versus plagiarism. 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Decoupling Global Environmental Pressure -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Decoupling Global Environmental Pressure? Answer: Introduction Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the most accurate way of measuring the growth rate of a country. It is the standard practice to calcite the GDP of a country and compares it with others to get the current economic position of that country. GDP is defined as the total sum of all the goods and services produced in the sovereignty of a particular country. This report is a discussion about the GDP rate of Australia dating back ten years from now. Since it covers all the aspects of economic system it becomes the most prominent indicator of the economy of a country. GDP data from Australia is displayed by National Accounts and is computed by Australian Bureau of Statistics which derives its data from System of National Accounts. GDP of Australia had a moderate growth rate before the economic crisis in 2008 (Al-mulali, Fereidouni and Sab 2013). Australia is known to be a free and robust market and has been like this since long. It has almost all the natural resources in abundance complemente d by its government which looks after its economyin a vibrant manner. Presence of efficient legal system and well-structured bureaucracy has led to the entrepreneurial development of Australia which has kept its economy in a healthy and prosperous state. Australia has always been the favorite destination for investors for establishing business ventures and investing in projects of all kinds.As Australian industries are open to foreign competition and the workforce available in the country is adequately skilled. Australian government has reduced their interference in many sectors of economy which has made way for foreign investors to take part in the development of its economy. In the following report discussion about the GDP and economic growth of Australia is done with complete analysis. Background Australia has a unique demography which has benefited it in more than one ways. It is a continent country surrounded by ocean from all its sides. It has been one of the most well-to-do economies in the entire Asia-Pacific region. It has expanded its economy continuously since last 25 years with some hindrances coming from the global financial crisis in 2008 (Plumb, Kent and Bishop 2013). But even in those troubled times it came out without much damage. Australian Labor Government has done some stimulus spending which has increased the deficit of the government. Australia is known to be a competitive global market with a stronghold on sectors such as technology, services and high-end products of manufacturing. Mining, livestock production and agriculture are the major modes of production in Australia and is done extensively. These factors are the major contributors to the economy of Australia and hence to its gross domestic product. In support of this, it has been observed that Austra lia has made significant economic progress in the last decade with the help of strong macroeconomic policy, strong development in commodity base and structural reforms of the government.The standard of living of the citizens of Australia has increased due to which economic challenges have tightened. Computation of Australian GDP There are three methods applied by the Australian Bureau of Statistics to calculate the GDP of Australia. The first one is approaches of income, thesecond one is the production and thelast one is expenditure. The approach for production contains all the values of produces and the difference between services rendered and values of goods produced in the country. It also adds the consumption and taxes on the goods produced such as mineral oil, tobacco and taxes imposed upon them (rba.gov.au 2017). Subsidies on the respective products are subtracted to give the final GDP. The expenditure method calculates the cost incurred on final consumption of the products which includes services as well as goods. This method also includes the final expenditure of households, total consumption expenditure of the government, formation of capital and next exports. Finally, the income method calculates the total revenue generated by the economy which includes compensation given by employees, thegross sur plus in operations, mixed-income derived from taxes after deducting the subsidies on imports and production. Rebalancing Commodity Prices with GDP Since the time of commodity boom, theeconomy of Australia is rebalancing itself with the help of currency depreciation and macroeconomic policies. Development of non-mining sectors of theeconomy has supported the growth to 3% and has even reduced the employment rate.Interest rates in the country have been low which has increased the aggregate demand and has allowed the investors to take risks (rba.gov.au 2017). This has resulted in price hikes in the mortgage and lending. RD As a Part of GDP To sustain the growth in production there should be synchronization in the innovation and the manufacturing sectors. The Australian government has created frameworks for research and development which is linked directly to the sectors of theeconomy which requires constant upgradation to stay in the global competition. Innovation needs reforms in the labor market and capital market to introduce new business models. With the collaboration of business strategies and RD, good amount of production growth can be achieved (rba.gov.au 2017). Australian governments National Innovation and Science Agenda has given anew dimension to this approach. Funding for all these activities has been incorporated in the GDP calculated for one financial year. This has helped the GDP and economy of Australia to become robust. Increase in Household Income and Wealth In the last decade, Australia has been suffering from unemployment due to the end of thecommodity boom. There have been rising concerns about economic inequality in the country. A gap has been created between the indigenous community of Australia and other citizens regarding the socio-economic status and income groups. GDP of Australia provides funding for innovation to develop the skillset of its underprivileged people (rba.gov.au 2017). Restructuring of the payment systems can reduce the gender wage gap which has also developed in the last decade. Macro-Economic Developments During the tough times of global economic crisis, the economy of Australia stood its ground due to its strong macroeconomic policy, buoyant financial system and high prices of thecommodity.The economic adjustments made in the super cycle of commodity prices has been a major part of the economic development in the last decade and has progressed very smoothly. Huge decline in the resource-sector has been observed from 9% of GDP to 4.5% of GDP and there has been a fall in resource sector employment as well as many large construction projects were in their completion phase (rba.gov.au 2017).The decline in global prices of coal and iron has been observed in 2011 due to which large investments were cut down by the investors to reduce the production costs. Subsequently, Australia suffered the risk of low growth and declining investments in private-sector due to doubtful investments and weak nature of global trade. To counterbalance these negative scenarios policy settings of flexible nature was deployed by the Australian government by setting up a helpful macroeconomic policy. The economy also faced depreciation in the exchange rates resulting in export decline and scarce revenue from tourism industry which makes a good chunk of the GDP of Australia. Wage growth and CPI (Consumer Price inflation) remained passive in the last decade. CPI was observed to be low from the expected target range of 2 to 3 percent as stated by the Reserve Bank of Australia (rba.gov.au 2017). Nominal wage-growth has also remained low due to the lackluster condition of the labor market which also included part-time jobs. This decline in nominal GDP growth rate has taken a toll on the financial goals of the government which were not reached as per expectations. In the last decade, Australia experienced a substantial current account deficit which was expected to reduce in the coming years. But this risk posed by current account deficit does not bother Australian economy as ahuge piece of foreign debt was dominated by Australian dollar and the remaining debt was hedged against the flu ctuations of the exchange rates.It was observed that Australian debt was increasing consistently however it was in the middle position when compared to other countries. Australian government issued only Australian dollar as the mode of exchange. Macro Prudential Measures On the account of risk taken by the households and banks, some measure was announced by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority in relation to the lending practices for the households. Some measures concentrated on: Increase high-risk mortgage lending and to the extent to which they went in terms of prices. The speed of growth in lending for household made by an investor. The buffer of interest rate and loan services assessment. Investments in Non-Mining Sector A recovery phase was observed in the non-mining sector, increasing the hopes of job growth and economic consolidation.Some indicators showed that there waspurchase of new machinery and investments were made to make the employees work for more hours. Private business was observed to expand by 1.1% every quarter after experiencing about 12 quarters of negative growth in the private sector investment (rba.gov.au 2017). Tax, Fiscal Consolidation and Reforms on Expenditure When compared to other countries of South-East Asia, theburden of tax, expenditure on public services, and public debt were low in the last decade. After the financial crisis is 2008, Australian government authorities extended proper support to keep its economy out of recession. The federal deficit was observed to be 2.4% of GDP which is way below 4.2% as it was recorded before the crisis (Lee 2013).The fiscal policy makes of Australia made a balanced budget. State governments do not have much part in budget preparation as their stance in this matter is very small. It was mostly decided that target of 1% surplus in GDP growth rate will be targeted for each year to keep out the burden of debt-GDP ratio.The analysis suggested that surplus of 1% will close the gap of debt-GDP ratio to 25% in 2025-26 and will zero the gap till 2040 (McLean 2012). Personal income tax onsets are not routinelyincorporated in Australia.This gives leverage for flexiblealteration of the tax schedule to be a po rtion of structural reforms. Resilience in Banking The financial crisis of 2008 does not leave the banks of Australia in much troubled waters but attracted tighter regulations and practices.Banks changed their course of business from lending in short-term towards deposits (rba.gov.au 2017). According to the Murray Inquiry capital ratios had reached their lending limits as prescribed by the banking regulators. The Murray Inquiry highlighted that consolidation of bank pliability should also include new practices to curtail the expenses to the public on the occurrence of bank failure.The inquirysuggested the formation of a loss captivating and recapitalizationstructurein accordance with international scenarios to permitactualpurpose with reduced risk to taxpayer funds.The apprehensionofpower of banking directive has provoked efforts to recognize and removerewards for banks in regulatory procedures. Stance of Australian Economy The financial position of Australia ended up being strong as it is right now. According to the recent survey conducted cross-country, debt can reduce the output growth by 70%-90% of GDP. This means that since Australia has gross debt of 44%, it can take fiscal blows and can still stimulate growth (Kubiszewski, Jackson and Aylmer 2013). Australia could route a significantly larger deficit for some period of time without flirting with the limits recommended above.When the risks due to weak fiscal positionemerge, the government should dynamically use fiscal policy to provision the economy, as they did in 2008-09. Since trade in Australia is moderately regulated the value of exports and imports compute to about 41% of the Australian GDP. This leaves the authorities with a cushion to tackle any fluctuations in the GDP growth rate. Growth was largely based on the amalgamation of robust public investment and net exports, restrained public consumption and household depletion and soft busines s speculation. It could have happened that GDP could increase to the Reserve Bank of Australias forecast of yearly growth of around 2.75% by the end of each year, but it would need large spending practices from consumers which were not probable then. Current Scenario Australia is the only country in the group of OECD countries who have experienced the longest span of economic growth in spite of the threats made by Global Financial Crisis in 2008. Every other country in the group of 34 member countries in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have gone through at least one phase of two successive quarters of adverse GDP growth since 1991 (Dijk, Timbal and Viney 2013). Comparative growth statistics of Australia are based on the progress accounts collected by the OECD. These statsreflect that there are only two other countries who came close to corresponding Australias recent economic high the first one being Japan and the second is Netherlands. Economic supremacy of Australia over the past decade has been the cause of jealousy for many countries across the world. Australia cruised through the Global Economic Crisis of 2008 and outgrew every other peer country. Australia's real GDP developed by yearly average of 2.7% betw een the years 2012 and 2016 which was well ahead of the economic giants such as U.S and U.K (rba.gov.au 2017). As of today, the economy of Australiaisthe largestmixed market, with a GDP of AUD $1.69 trillion (Cecchetti and Kharroubi 2012). Australia is the second richest country in terms ofwealthper adult. There are a number of economic rating agencies such as Standard Poor who rate the economic condition of Australia as the most stable and favorable for establishing and expanding any kind of business. Being a mixed economy it has the potential to nurture and grow the business ventures (rba.gov.au 2017). Moreover, the government is also very supportive and is always concerned about the private players who are keen oninvesting in theAustralian economy. Such a smooth and congenial atmosphere for business is rewarded by strength and dynamism by large deep-pocketed investors that is why Australia has absorbed the crisis situation like a superior economy and has grown consistently since the last decade. Conclusion It can be concluded from the above report that Australia is endowed with all the natural resources which are necessary for a country to be self-sustainable and to prosper without the aid of any foreign entity. Australia is very rich in its business prospects and has a number of investors prying in the opportunity to invest in the economy of the country. To honor this feeling of trust in the economic competence of Australia, its government does a lot to keep the status-quo of the economy maintained. In the above report, economic growth and GDP growth of the country has been discussed in details. The report contains the analysis of policies applied by the Australian Government to tackle the global financial crisis and to come out of it without getting seriously inflicted by its damages. Australia has a robust service and banking sector which were likely to be affected by the crisis but it came out withflyingcolors.Australia is the only country in the group of some very resilient econom ies which has continued its streak of growth since last 25 years which is a very big thing to happen. As of now, Australia is in a much comfortable economic position with GDP growth rate more than superpower countries like the United States and the United Kingdom. Reference Al-mulali, U., Fereidouni, H.G., Lee, J.Y. and Sab, C.N.B.C., 2013. Examining the bi-directional long run relationship between renewable energy consumption and GDP growth.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,22, pp.209-222. Cecchetti, S.G. and Kharroubi, E., 2012. Reassessing the impact of finance on growth. Dijk, A.I., Beck, H.E., Crosbie, R.S., Jeu, R.A., Liu, Y.Y., Podger, G.M., Timbal, B. and Viney, N.R., 2013. The Millennium Drought in southeast Australia (20012009): Natural and human causes and implications for water resources, ecosystems, economy, and society.Water Resources Research,49(2), pp.1040-1057. Kubiszewski, I., Costanza, R., Franco, C., Lawn, P., Talberth, J., Jackson, T. and Aylmer, C., 2013. Beyond GDP: Measuring and achieving global genuine progress.Ecological Economics,93, pp.57-68. Lee, J.W., 2013. The contribution of foreign direct investment to clean energy use, carbon emissions and economic growth.Energy Policy,55, pp.483-489. McLean, I.W., 2012.Why Australia prospered: The shifting sources of economic growth. Princeton University Press. Plumb, M., Kent, C. and Bishop, J., 2013.Implications for the Australian economy of strong growth in Asia. Reserve Bank of Australia. rba.gov.au 2017.Chart Pack-Australian GDP Growth and Inflation | RBA. [online] Reserve Bank of Australia. Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/chart-pack/au-gdp-growth.html [Accessed 21 Sep. 2017]. Schandl, H., Hatfield-Dodds, S., Wiedmann, T., Geschke, A., Cai, Y., West, J., Newth, D., Baynes, T., Lenzen, M. and Owen, A., 2016. Decoupling global environmental pressure and economic growth: Scenarios for energy use, materials use and carbon emissions.Journal of Cleaner Production,132, pp.45-56. Schneider, F. and Kearney, A.T., 2013. The shadow economy in Europe, 2013.Johannes Kepler Universitat, Linz. Shahbaz, M., Khan, S. and Tahir, M.I., 2013. The dynamic links between energy consumption, economic growth, financial development and trade in China: fresh evidence from multivariate framework analysis.Energy economics,40, pp.8-21.

Howard Stern Essay Example For Students

Howard Stern Essay Goodbye Good ProgrammingWhen one thinks of original, successful radio shows in the U.S., one show definitely comes to mind, Howard Stern. The Howard Stern morning radio show has been the most successful radio show on the radio for some time now. Howard Stern created a show unlike any other; it is a morning radio show that has it all. The show has interviews with famous people, listeners can call in to the show with there opinions, current news, and most notably its sexual content and controversial opinions on what is happening in the world we live in. The show has always pushed the limits of freedom of speech while at the same time opened new doors and ideas within the limits. Currently in our country this show has become under fire by our government and is very close to being taken off the airwaves. This is just one show that is in jeopardy of being taken off the air. Recently our government through its administrative agency for communications, the FCC, has decided to send a message to the corporate media to clean up their broadcasts. The FCC defines indecency as:1. An average person, applying contemporary community standards, must find that the material, as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest. 2. The material must depict or describe, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by applicable law. 3. The material, taken as a whole, must lack serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value. The fine for broadcast indecency has been raised to $275,000.00 from $27,500.00 per instance. The problem that has arisen from this new interest in cleaning up broadcasts to protect the general public from being exposed to this indecency is that some of our best programming is in jeopardy. There are some huge corporations behind this programming such as Time Warner, Viacomm, Clear Channel, etc. these corporations are becoming concerned that the government is starting to focus attention on how big they have become and how much power they have to control the media. Unfortunately, because of this new motivation to control our programming to the FCCfs liking one avenue of our freedom of speech is being taken away from us. The public programming we currently have is perfectly acceptable and almost to conservative. Itfs not like we have one TV or radio station that everyone is forced to watch. If you donft like what your watching or listening to you can just change the channel or turn it o ff. There are also a lot of parental controls available that prevent kids from watching shows of adult content but ultimately it is the parents responsibility to monitor and control what they want their children to watch or listen to. I think the government is over stepping there bounds here and trying to control what our society is consuming from the media. At the same time I feel corporate media is almost a monopoly. There are only a handful of major companies that control all facets of our media. They have to much control over what is broadcast to our society and all of these companies basically are part of a community that has standards that all abide by. These standards have been adopted by our society and give this monopolistic force the power to mold and structure what our society watches and listens to having great influence on what we are led to believe. With this new push from the government these corporations are becoming nervous that they may be broken down and regulated ; hence, losing their power and a lot of their money. This new interest in what our society is being broadcast has started a chain reaction that is in the end only going to penalize and deprive us of original, creative and controversial programming. The corporations are now on the defensive and doing anything to keep themselves from being split up and regulated. They are now trying to act as the governmentfs agent and do the dirty work of singling out programming to deem inappropriate and unacceptable for our society. What is happening is that we are moving towards having programming that will be based on a very conservative view and only on one interpretation of the law of indecency. The government is going after what they believe is a problem in the wrong way. What they need to do is go after this corporate monopolistic community and break them apart. If the playing field is leveled there will be more competition and new programming will arise, programming that will be aimed at th e benefit of our society. Something needs to be done and fast. Our government was created to protect the interest of all the people who live in this country, and the constitution was constructed to protect the people from our government. We cannot let our government rewrite our constitution to meet there interests. Our right to freedom of speech is one of the most important rights we have and we cannot sit here and let it be taken away or altered.